References
Please select 'Read More' to view the references.
1. Joint Health Survey Unit (on behalf of the Department of Health). Health Survey for England. Norwich: The Stationery Office, 2002:
www.publications.doh.gov.uk/public/summary1.htm.
2. World Health Organisation. Diet, Nutrition and the Prevention of Chronic Diseases. Geneva: World Health Organisation, 2003.
3. Manson J, Colditz G, Stampfer M et al. A prospective study of obesity and risk of coronary heart disease in women. N Engl J Med 1990;322(13):882–889.
4. Kannel W, Cupples L, Ramaswami R et al. Regional obesity and risk of cardiovascular disease; the Framingham Study. J Clin Epidemiol 1991;44(2):183–90.
5. Kenchaiah S, Evans JC, Levy D et al. Obesity and the risk of heart failure. N Engl J Med 2002;347(5):305–313.
6. Rashid M, Fuentes F, Touchon R et al. Obesity and the risk for cardiovascular disease. Prev Cardiol 2003;6(1):42–7.
7. Colditz GA, Willett WC, Rotnitzky A et al. Weight gain as a risk factor for clinical diabetes mellitus in women. Ann Intern Med 1995;122(7):481–486.
8. Van itallie T. Obesity: adverse effects on health and longevity. Am J Clin Nutr 1979;32:2723–2733.
9. Manson JE, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ et al. Body weight and mortality among women. N Engl J Med 1995;333(11):677–685.
10. Calle EE, Thun MJ, Petrelli JM et al. Body-mass index and mortality in a prospective cohort of U.S. adults. N Engl J Med 1999;341(15):1097–1105.
11. Rolls BJ, Morris EL, Roe LS. Portion size of food affects energy intake in normalweight and overweight men and women. Am J Clin Nutr 2002;76(6):1207–1213.
12. Costain L. Diet Trials: How to succeed at dieting. London: BBC Worldwide limited, 2003.
13. Loos RJF, Bouchard C. Obesity – is it a genetic disorder? J Intern Med 2003;254(5):401–425.
14. Stunkard A, Harris J, Pedersen N et al. The body-mass index of twins who have been reared apart. N Engl J Med 1990;322(21):1483–1487.
15. Sorensen T, Holst C, Stunkard A et al. Correlations of body mass index of adult adoptees and their biological and adoptive relatives. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1992;16(3):227–236.
16. Vogler G, Sorensen T, Stunkard A et al. Influences of genes and shared family environment on adult body mass index assessed in an adoption study by a comprehensive path model. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1995;19(1):40–5.
17. Rice T, Perusse L, Bouchard C et al. Familial aggregation of body mass index and subcutaneous fat measures in the longitudinal Quebec family study. Genet Epidemiol 1999;16(3):316–34.
18. Cummings D, Schwartz M. Genetics and pathophysiology of human obesity. Annu Rev Med 2003;54:453–71.
19. National Audit Office. Tackling Obesity in England. Report by the Comptroller and Auditor General. Norwich: The Stationery Office, 2001.
20. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The general's call to action to prevent and decrease overweight and obesity. Washington: Office of the Surgeon General, 2001.
21. Jung R. Obesity as a disease. Br Med Bull 1997;53(2):307–321.
22. Goldstein D. Beneficial health effects of modest weight loss. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1992;16(6):397–415.
23. Vidal J. Updated review on the benefits of weight loss. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2002;26(Suppl 4):S25–28.
24. Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med 2002;346(6):393–403.
25. Tuomilehto J, Lindstrom J, Eriksson JG et al. Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. N Engl J Med 2001;344(18):1343–1350.
26. Armstrong J, Reilly J. Breastfeeding and lowering the risk of childhood obesity. Lancet 2002;359(9322):2003–4.
27. von Kries R, Koletzko B, Sauerwald T et al. Breast feeding and obesity: cross- sectional study. BMJ 1999;319(7203):147–150.
28. Gillman MW, Rifas-Shiman SL, Camargo CA Jr et al. Risk of overweight among adolescents who were breastfed as infants. JAMA 2001;285(19):2461–2467.
29. Reilly J, Dorosty A. Epidemic of obesity in UK children. Lancet 1999;354(9193):1874–5.
30. Danielzik S, Langnase K, Mast M et al. Impact of parental BMI on the manifestation of overweight 5–7 year old children. Eur J Nutr 2002;41(3):132–138.
31. Whitaker RC, Wright JA, Pepe MS et al. Predicting obesity in young adulthood from childhood and parental obesity. N Engl J Med 1997;337(13):869–873.
32. NHS Centre for Reviews and Dissemination. The prevention and treatment of obesity. Effective Health Care 1997;3(2):1–12.
33. Hofstetter A, Schutz Y, Jequier E et al. Increased 24-hour energy expenditure in cigarette smokers. N Engl J Med 1986;314(2):79–82.
34. Williamson D, Madans J, Anda R et al. Smoking cessation and severity of weight gain in a national cohort. N Engl J Med 1991;324(11):739–745.
35. James WPT, Nelson M, Ralph A et al. Socioeconomic determinants of health: the contribution of nutrition to inequalities in health. BMJ 1997;314(7093):1545–1549.
36. Henderson L, Gregory J. The National Diet & Nutrition Survey: Adults aged 19– 64 years. London: Social survey division of the Office for National Statistics, 2002.
37. Joint Health Survey Unit (on behalf of the department of Health). Health Survey for England 1999: Health of Minority Ethnic Groups. Norwich: Office for National Statistics, 1999: www.publications.doh.gov.uk/public/hse99.htm.
38. Redefining Obesity and its treatment; 2000; Melbourne. International Diabetes Institute.
39. Weisell R. Body mass index as an indicator of obesity. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2002;11(Suppl 8):S681–684.
40. Andersen LB, Schnohr P, Schroll M et al. All-cause mortality associated with physical activity during leisure time, work, sports, and cycling to work. Arch Intern Med 2000;160(11):1621–1628.


